The Kazakh capital of Astana has changed its name a record-breaking five times in just six decades. We take a look at the reasons why.
Fast facts
Name: Astana
Location: Kazakhstan
Founded: 1830
Population: 1.458 million
Origins of Astana
Astana was initially founded in 1830 as the settlement of Akmola when Kazakhstan was ruled by Russia. In 1832, the settlement was granted town status and renamed Akmolinsk.
In 1920, Kazakhstan became part of the USSR, initially as the Kirgiz Autonomous Republic and then, from 1925, as the Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (ASSR). The capital of the Kazakh ASSR was Almaty, the largest city in Kazakhstan.
And so it beginsโฆ
In 1961, when Nikita Khrushchev was premier of the USSR, Akmola was renamed Tselinograd which is Russian for โvirgin lands cityโ. The name change was in honour of Soviet expansion in the region.
In 1991, following Kazakhstanโs independence after the collapse of the USSR, the name was changed back to Akmola. However, the capital of the newly independent Kazakhstan remained in Almaty until December 1997, when Akmola unexpectedly became the official capital of Kazakhstan.
At the time, the move was widely criticised due to Akmolaโs relative isolation in the northern steppe and notoriously cold winters in which temperatures can drop as low as -51ยฐC (-60ยฐF).
Kazakhstanโs president at the time, Nursultan Nazarbayev, said he wanted the capital to be located closer to the geographical centre of the worldโs 9th largest country. Almaty is located close to the countryโs southeastern border.
The new capital was completely revamped with glitzy new skyscrapers transforming the tiny outpost into a modern city with a surrealist skyline earning it the nickname the โSingapore of the Steppeโ. One such development was the Bayterek Monument, a 97m-high white latticed tower crowned with a large glass orb where visitors can place their hands in a print of President Nursultan Nazarbayevโs.
Today, Almaty, with over two million inhabitants, remains the most populous city in Kazakhstan as well as the countryโs commercial, financial and cultural hub. It is also widely considered the most cosmopolitan city in Kazakhstan.
In May 1998, Akmola was renamed Astana which means โcapital cityโ in Kazakh. The cityโs name remained Astana until 2019 when it was named Nur-Sultan in honour of the outgoing Nursultan Nazarbayev.
Nazarbayev had ruled the country since independence until 2019 when he voluntarily stepped down. He passed the presidency to his chosen successor, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev. By then the city was already in the Guinness Book of World Records for having the most changes of name in the 20th century.
However, it wasnโt over. In September 2022, the name reverted to Astana again when Kassym-Jomart Tokayev agreed to restore the former name just three years after he renamed it in honour of his predecessor. The move came following pressure from a group of MPs and violent street protests over fuel prices.
In total, the Kazakh capital has changed its name five times in just six decades from Akmola to Tselinograd; back to Akmola, then to Astana; then to Nur-Sultan; then back to Astana again. Letโs see what happens nextโฆ
Sources:
โบ Statistics of the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, BUREAU OF NATIONAL STATISTICS. Available at: https://stat.gov.kz/en/region/astana/
โบ Kazakhstan limits presidential term, renames capital, Aljazeera. Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/17/kazakhstan-limits-presidential-term-renames-capital
โบ Kazakhstan, Britannica. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan/Cultural-life#ref276253
โบ Guess which city holds the record for the most name changes?, The Economist. Available at: https://www.economist.com/asia/2022/09/29/guess-which-city-holds-the-record-for-the-most-name-changes
โบ Kazakh capital renamed again as ex-leaderโs legacy fades, Reuters. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/kazakh-capital-renamed-again-ex-leaders-legacy-fades-2022-09-16/
โบ Astana exposed: eight reasons to visit Kazakhstanโs gleaming capital, Lonely Planet. Available at: https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/astana-exposed-eight-reasons-to-visit-kazakhstans-gleaming-capital
โบ Bayterek Monument, Lonely Planet. Available at: https://www.lonelyplanet.com/kazakhstan/northern-kazakhstan/astana/attractions/bayterek-monument/a/poi-sig/443132/356866
โบMost name changes by capital, Guinness World Records. Available at: https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/65027-most-name-changes-by-capital
โบ Kazakhstan to change name of capital from Nur-sultan back to Astana, The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/14/kazakhstan-to-change-name-of-capital-from-nur-sultan-back-to-astana
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Caitriona Maria is an education writer and owner of The Facts Institute. With seven years of teaching experience and a background in educational content, she specialises in creating clear reference resources about countries, geography and global topics.