From one of the oldest continuous civilizations to the nose job capital of the world, these are the most interesting facts about Iran.
Fast facts
Official name: Islamic Republic of Iran
Capital city: Tehran
Population: 87.5 million
Area: 1,648,195 sq km
Major languages: Persian Farsi, Azeri and Turkic dialects, Kurdish, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Luri, Balochi, Arabic
Major religions: Islam
Time zone: UTC+3:30 (Iranian Standard Time)
Interesting facts about Iran
1. Iran is a country located in the Middle East, a region of Western Asia, that was known as Persia for thousands of years until 1935.
2. Archaeological evidence suggests humans have inhabited Iran since the prehistoric period, circa 100,000 BC.
3. To date, Iran has 27 properties inscribed on the World Heritage List, with a further 59 properties on the Tentative List (properties intended to be submitted for nomination).
4. The ruined city and UNESCO World Heritage Site of Persepolis was the capital of the Achaemenid Empire, situated in modern-day Iran. It is widely regarded as one of the world’s greatest archaeological sites.
5. Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling monarchy was overthrown in a revolution. Islamic clerical leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returned to rule Iran after 14 years in exile.
6. The Iran-Iraq War was fought between the two neighbouring countries from 1980 to 1988. During the war, an estimated 1 million Iranians and between 250,000-500,000 Iraqis died.
7. Iran is home to one of the hottest places on Earth, the Lut Desert. The UNESCO-listed site once registered a record temperature of 70.7°C (159.3°F) in 2005.
8. One of the most surprising facts about Iran is that, despite its record temperatures, it is possible to go skiing there. The Alborz mountains, in northern Iran, have a number of high-altitude and popular ski resorts with excellent snow ideal for skiing.
9. The thumbs-up sign (a common indication of satisfaction) is offensive in Iran. It is the equivalent of the middle finger “up yours” and should never be used.
10. Iran has been nicknamed the “nose job capital of the world”, with rhinoplasty as the most popular procedure. As many as 320,000 people received plastic surgery procedures in 2022, making Iran the 12th leading country for plastic surgeries performed globally.
11. In 2007, Iranian officials detained 14 squirrels for spying. Allegedly, the squirrels were wearing small recording or radio devices that were used for espionage.
12. By area, Iran is the second-largest country in the Middle East after Saudi Arabia and the 17th-largest in the world.
13. Iran is one of Asia’s 10 most populous countries and ranks as the world’s 17th-most populous nation.
14. The game of polo originates in Iran dating from around between 600 BC to 100 AD. The game was initially a training military cavalry unit that played with as many as 100 participants per side. It would later develop into a national sport.
15. Iran is the largest producer of saffron. The country produces over 90% of the 250 tons of spice produced worldwide every year. Costing as much as $65 per gram, saffron can be more expensive than gold, and is the most expensive and sought-after spice in the world. As such, it is commonly referred to as “red gold”.
16. The hijab – or headscarf – has been compulsory for Iranian women since the Islamic Revolution of 1979. Recently there have been campaigns to relax the law.
17. The critically endangered Asiatic Cheetah can only be found in Iran. It is believed that 12 are left in the wild as of 2026.
18. Esfahan is Iran’s top tourist destination. The city is home to the UNESCO-listed central square of Meidan Emam. It was built by Shah Abbas I the Great in the 17th century and is bordered on all sides by grand and ornate architecture.
19. Iran is one of the world’s top refugee host countries, hosting over 3.4 million people.
20. This may explain Iran’s positive net migration of about 190,000 people in 2024.
21. Iran is one of the world’s largest oil producers. It has the world’s fourth-biggest oil reserves and second-largest gas reserves. Its oil reserves account for over 16.8% of the world’s total.
22. Iran’s flag is horizontally striped green-white-red with a coat of arms in the center and Arabic inscriptions along the edges of the stripes. The red emblem is composed of stylized elements representing the word “Allah.”
See how Iran’s flag compares to other Asian flags.
23. The inscription on the flag reads “Allahu Akbar” (“God is Greater”) and is repeated 22 times, honoring the date of the revolution: 22 Bahrām in the Iranian calendar.
24. Iran is part of an area known as the Fertile Crescent, also known as the “Cradle of Civilization”. The Fertile Crescent covers a roughly crescent-shaped area of fertile land that also incorporates parts of present-day Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, Syria, Turkey, Iraq and Cyprus.
25. Iran has a long history of manufacturing Persian rugs and in 2007 the Iran Carpet Company produced the world’s largest hand-woven carpet. Measuring 5,630m² (60,600.81ft²), the rug was made for a mosque in Dubai, UAE.
26. Iran has the fifth-lowest level of press freedom. Eritrea, Syria, China and North Korea are the only countries with lower scores.
27. Homosexual acts are punishable by death in Iran. However, it is accepted that a person may be trapped in a body of the wrong sex. Therefore, homosexuals can be pushed into having sex-change operations, which are legal.
28. In Iran, the Keyhan Bod plant became the Middle East’s pioneering condom factory. Yearly, it manufactures millions of condoms, established by the government to address a surge in births.
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Caitriona Maria is an education writer and owner of The Facts Institute. With seven years of teaching experience and a background in educational content, she specialises in creating clear reference resources about countries, geography and global topics.